Journal of Water Resources and Geosciences

A Comparative Analytical Study To the impact of scientific & Technical development In Monitoring Manner of Mosul Dam More Than Five Decades

2025-11-24T10:21:30+00:00

Hydraulic Facilities, like (Dams) Form Great Vital Importance to Countries of the World in General, as they are A Fundamental Pillar in Developing A Country’s Infrastructure, And A Significant Support to built a Strong Multipolar Economy. Because of Climate change, Rise in Temperatures and Its Effect on The Globe, Increased Land desertification, Not to Mention the Unsystematic Exploitation of Natural Water Sources and Other Factors That May Be the Cause of Local or Regional Conflicts to Achieve a Water Security. Mosel Dam is a living example of hydraulic installations with no just local dimension ; Rather, it is regional and international, which has occupied public opinion over decades, since its establishment in the early 1980s until the present time, more than fifty years, during which the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources, represented by (the General Authority for Survey & the General Authority for Dams and Reservoirs), worked hard to manage and monitor safety of Mosul Dam. According to scientific principles in which we keep pace with global scientific progress and the development of geospatial technology to achieve the best results in detecting deformation or distortions that may occur in the horizontal and vertical movement of the dam, which will be explained in detail of this research. In this study, I will review the stages of development in field monitoring of control points in the GCN-Geodetic Control Network that distributed on the dam site and its surrounding area, according to a technical & engineering recommendations approved by the consulting engineer at the time.

A Review Study on Energy Dissipators for Hydraulic Structures: Hockey Groynes in River (Wave Breakers) as a Case Study

2025-06-09T09:59:12+00:00

Increasing challenges facing natural water systems and hydraulic structures, understanding river wave behavior and managing them has become a priority in the design and implementation of water control projects. These waves are often caused by sudden flow changes, such as gates opening or flooding. They are dynamic phenomena with high hydraulic energy, which can cause bed and bank erosion and endanger water structures. Hence, the need to implement effective techniques to disperse and dissipate this energy has emerged. The most prominent is using bottom groynes positioned downstream (d/s) of the hydraulic structures, with a focus on optimizing flow distribution and reducing local scour, a standard engineering solution for reducing flow velocity and creating energy dissipation zones within the stream. Hockey groynes, are an advanced model of these barriers, with their curved design being more effective at dissipating waves and mitigating their effects in safe and stable ways. Flow control also represents a key regulatory basis for managing water flow, whether through gate operating systems or physical interventions in the riverbed. This control is significant in locations with variable natural flows, such as dam outlets, where operational errors can generate destructive shock waves. In this context, bottom barriers and dykes are installed at carefully considered intervals to gradually reduce water velocity and optimize the distribution of energy and velocity across the river section. This contributes to bed protection and enhances longitudinal and lateral flow stability. Studies confirm that dispersing hydraulic energy through these structures effectively reduces engineering and environmental losses. Furthermore, adopting flexible designs based on accurate hydraulic modeling helps improve performance and integration with the characteristics of the local water system. Therefore, combining theoretical knowledge of hydraulic phenomena with the use of innovative methods such as hockey dykes represents an advanced step toward achieving water resource sustainability and protecting river infrastructure from risks associated with flow changes and energy surges.

Determine Rate of Contamination in Tigris River in River Baghdad city by Artificial Intelligence

2025-12-03T09:29:03+00:00

In this article, we used type of artificial intelligence that is suggest efficient design of artificial neural network ANN of type Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) based on new LM training algorithm. Then we used to determine the rate of contamination in Tigris River in Baghdad city. Architectural of design consist 4 layers: input layer contains 8 nodes represent: (PH, Total dissolve solids (T.D.S) Electrical Connection (EC), Total suspended solids (T.S.S), Chemical oxygen demanding (COD), Oil, Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) NTU (, Nitrate (NO)), 1st hidden layer contain 17 nodes, 2nd hidden layer contain 8 nodes with tansig. transfer function for each hidden layers and output layer contains 5 nodes for which are (Cd, Mg, pb, Fe, Cr), with linear transfer function. We used 100 sample distributed as 65 sample for training FFNN, 20 sample for testing and 15 sample for validation and the proposed FFNN achieved high predictive accuracy, with a minimum mean square error (MSE) of 2.47×10⁻⁵ and a final performance gradient of 1.57×10⁻⁵, indicating excellent convergence. The model successfully predicted the concentrations of heavy metals with an error less than 0.0012, which is considered scientifically acceptable for environmental assessments. Comparison between laboratory results and ANN outputs showed strong agreement, confirming the reliability of the model.

Using Responsive Drip Irrigation to Enhance Water Productivity Compared to Conventional Subsurface Drip Irrigation System

2025-12-16T06:34:03+00:00

This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of water productivity for eggplant crops using the Responsive Drip Irrigation (RDI) system compared to the traditional Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) system. Field experiments were conducted during 2022 at Al-Ra’id Research Station in Abu Ghraib, Baghdad, Iraq. The experimental layout was designed as a split-plot with three replications for both RDI and SDI systems. The results showed that the irrigation efficiency of the RDI system was approximately 55% higher than that of the SDI system, due to reduced surface evaporation and water losses. This resulted in a significantly higher water productivity (WP) in the RDI system (1.7 kg/m³) compared to the SDI system (1.1 kg/m³). These results indicate that the RDI system can be a sustainable and efficient alternative to conventional subsurface drip irrigation systems for vegetable production in arid regions such as Iraq.

Efficiency of Mechanical Rice Transplanting in Enhancing Productivity and Reducing Water Consumption: A Case Study from Najaf Province, Iraq

2025-12-24T08:44:33+00:00

Rice cultivation in Iraq faces increasing challenges due to water scarcity and rising labor costs, which require the adoption of modern agricultural technologies to improve productivity and water-use efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the impact of mechanical rice transplanting on crop productivity and irrigation water consumption compared with conventional cultivation methods. The research relied on field data obtained from a pilot experiment conducted in Najaf Province in cooperation with the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in addition to reviewing relevant international studies. The results showed that mechanical transplanting increased rice productivity by about 15–20% while reducing irrigation water consumption by approximately 30% compared with traditional cultivation. The technique also reduced reliance on manual labor and agricultural inputs. These findings indicate that mechanical rice transplanting is a promising approach for improving water-use efficiency and enhancing agricultural productivity, and it represents an important option for supporting climate-smart agriculture in Iraq. The study recommends expanding the adoption of this technology to enhance the sustainability of rice cultivation under increasing water scarcity conditions.

Evaluation of Agricultural land Productivity and Irrigation Performance Indicators by Using Remote Sensing Techniques via Wapor3 Platform and ARCGIS Software (Salah Al-Din Governorate lands as a Case Study)

2025-12-18T08:11:18+00:00

Improving water management, based on irrigation performance analysis and water productivity assessment tools, leads to better water resource management, ensuring optimal use and minimizing losses. Therefore, this study aimed to highlight a crucial issue: investing in technology, such as remote sensing techniques, to enhance monitoring and surveillance of agricultural fields. In this paper, remote sensing models were developed using open-source software such as ArcGIS to calculate land productivity coefficients and irrigation parameters for the lands of Salah al-Din Governorate. Wapor 3 platform products were used, and the remote sensing models showed that the highest productivity rates for wheat and barley crops in Salah al-Din Governorate, both within and outside irrigation boundaries, ranged from) 0.61 - 1.1 (tons/dunum. Additionally, the water productivity of plants corresponds to areas with insufficient irrigation, along with other detailed findings presented in this paper.

Integrating Climate Action into Water Sector Planning in Egypt: Policy and Program Review

2025-12-19T11:15:09+00:00

As a country located in arid and semi-arid regions, Egypt is increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. These threats are exacerbated by rapid population growth and ambitious urban, agricultural, and industrial expansion plans, leading to water demand magnification, environmental instability, and economic constraints. Recently, addressing climate change impacts has become a major priority for the government and its affiliated institutions across multiple sectors. This study adopts a qualitative policy review approach to examine climate-related programs and initiatives implemented in Egypt’s water and wastewater sector between 2018 and 2023. The identified initiatives were analyzed and categorized according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) framework for climate adaptation and mitigation. The findings reveal a significant shift in planning and implementation within the Egyptian water sector toward integrating climate action into sectoral planning. Key actions include the expansion of rural sanitation services from 12.5% in 2014 to 60% in 2023, the increase of seawater desalination capacity from 82,000 m³/day in 2014 to about 1.4 million m³/day in 2023 with growing reliance on renewable energy, effective sewage sludge management producing clean energy and compost through 6 wastewater treatment plants generating biogas and the environmental reuse of treated wastewater. In addition, more than 1,000 flood protection structures have been constructed, and over 100 Water Safety Plans have been implemented across water supply systems to strengthen utility resilience. Together these measures represent a multidimensional response combining structural interventions, nature-based solutions and governance arrangements to enhance water system resilience.