Journal of Water Resources and Geosciences

Study of Changes in Salt Concentrations of Main Outfall Drain system within Dhi Qar Governorate According to variables were occurred in 2022 ing to variables were occurred in 2022

2024-03-27T14:01:34+00:00

Dhi Qar Governorate is considered the main confluence area for the drainage within Main Outfall drain system which are the East Gharraf drain, the Eastern Euphrates drain, the Greater Gharraf drain (Dutch drain), and the Western Euphrates drain (to be implemented in the future) besides the emergency escape. Main Outfall drain system in Dhi Qar is affected by the fluctuation in salt concentrations, by changes in the streamflow from Dalmaj Lake that is located at Wasit Governorate. Furthermore, it is affected by changes in the streamflow and salt concentrations of the main drains mentioned earlier. The current study aims to highlight the improvement of salt concentrations in recent years after converting Al-Nagara drain into one of the main subsidiary drains (the eastern Euphrates drain) which in turn flows into Main Outfall drain at km 186 in mid-August 2022 that helped reducing salt concentrations in the water pumped through Main Outfall drain’s pumping station towards parts of the western Hamar Marsh via a Khamisiya Canal. The current study included follow-up, monitoring, modeling and examination of water samples for a duration of one year for confirmed sites in Main Outfall drain system within Dhi Qar Governorate in which were the results showed that the concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) improved significantly reaching the highest percentage of decrease 48 % in Km 168. This was when comparing the concentration values in the month of March for both of 2022 and 2023. Regarding the other months it is varied at a rate of 20%.

Multivariate statistical-based surface water quality assessment of the Tigris and Diyala Rivers at their confluence in Baghdad

2023-09-20T23:52:55+00:00

Recently, the Tigris and Diyala rivers have deteriorated due to the discharge of inadequately treated wastewater into the river, an increase in water demand, and climate change. This makes Iraq suffer from providing water for different uses. In this paper, an attempt has been made to apply multivariate statistical methods, factor analysis (FA), to identify the primary factors and pollution sources affecting the water quality at the confluence of the Tigris and Diyala Rivers. The water quality of 16 parameters was considered in 35 sampling stations during two different periods. The water quality parameters are Turbidity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Sulfate, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Iron, Chromium, Nitrate. The results of factor analysis specified three factors representing 80.810% of the total variance in each water quality dataset for the first period, whereas, for the second period, 2 factors were identified representing 77.402% of the total variance in each water quality dataset. The main differences are related to anthropogenic activities, in addition to some agricultural activities and hydrochemical effects in the study area. Multivariate statistical methods such as factor analysis can be used to understand the complex water quality data and identifying the source of pollution, in addition to provide a better explanation of the relationship between the large numbers of variables in surface water. FA can determine priorities to improve water quality and is believed to aid decision-makers in assessing water quality.

Design and Manufacture an Automatic Riser Sprinkler Riser in the Fixed Sprinkler Irrigation System and its Impact on the Performance of the System and Zea Maize Yield

2024-03-27T14:03:06+00:00

This research is aimed to conducting a field experiment for designing and manufacturing an automatic sprinkler riser for fixed sprinkler irrigation system with an operating pressure of 1, 1.5, and 2 bar and evaluated its impact on the system performance and the growth and production of Zea maize in silt clay loam soil for the agricultural season of 2021. Moisture homogeneity coefficient, soil moisture content, sprinkler discharge, sprinkler service area, plant height and plant yield were studied in this research Nested deign with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and used the least significant difference was used under the probability level of 0.05 (LSD_0.05) for comparison in the averages of the coefficients of the experiment. Results from this research showed that an automatic sprinkler riser with the outer tube was significantly superior in obtaining the highest mean coefficient of moisture homogeneity of 82.8% and the highest mean moisture content of 37.29% and the highest mean value of the sprinkler service area amounted to 247.98 m² and the highest mean yield of the crop was 6.38 tons.ha^-1, while the self-propelled riser with inner tube outperformed in obtaining the highest value of plant height amounted to 189.67 cm. The success of using the locally designed and manufactured an automatic sprinkler "self-rising" riser according to the plant's height and used in the fixed sprinkler irrigation system to irrigate the maize crop.

Groundwater in Basrah Governorate

2023-12-31T07:46:16+00:00

Basrah Governorate is located in southern Iraq and is bordered to the south by the Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf, to the east by Iran, to the north by Maysan Governorate, and to the west by Al-Muthanna Governorate. Hydrogeological studies have shown that groundwater is present in two important aquifers in the area between Al-Zubair and Safwan, which are the aquifer of recent deposits resulting from the erosion of the Dibdibba formation, and the Dibdibba aquifer. These aquifers were characterized by their varying thickness rates and variations in their hydraulic and hydrochemical properties, in addition to the third aquifer, which is represented by recent deposits with salt water belonging to the Holocene-Pleistocene era, which consists of gravel, sand, silt and clay, which is located to the north of the Zubair area. The map of groundwater levels showed that there are several directions of flow, the most important of which is from the southwestern side towards the north and northeast, as well as to the east, that is, towards the alluvial plain, from which it moving towards the Arabian Gulf. In general, the movement of groundwater corresponds to the topography of this area. By interpreting the hydrochemical data, we find that the concentrations of total dissolved salts (TDS) range between (5000-9000) mg/L in the Zubair area and its surrounding areas, and the amount of salts increases towards the east, reaching (15,000) mg/L in some areas. As for the southern desert region, the value of salts ranges between (2000-4000) mg/l and is less than this value towards the south with the border with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The water in the Dibdiba aquifer is not suitable for drinking by humans due to the high concentrations of salts. However, although the salt concentrations are outside the permissible limits for agricultural purposes, it is used in growing some agricultural crops such as tomatoes because the soil has high permeability in addition to the depth of the ground level is deep (more than 5 meters), and for the above reasons, salts do not accumulate at the roots of plants.

Review on Properties and Applications of Grouting Technique

2024-01-24T07:52:42+00:00

Due to the recent rapid expansion of infrastructure in major cities coupled with a lack of relevant land, the engineers were compelled to improve the soil's quality in order to support the load transferred by the infrastructure, such as buildings, bridges, roadways, railways, etc. These techniques are intended to dramatically reduce settlement and increase soil carrying capacity. One of the helpful methods for treating soils to acquire the necessary technical characteristics and specifications so that structures can be erected securely without experiencing significant settlements is soil stabilization. A common ground improvement technique utilized frequently for foundation and underground construction is grouting technology. Grouting is the process of injecting a liquid-based material into holes or cavities in soil or rock to improve cohesion beneath pre-existing hydraulic structures like dams, regulators, and others, therefore, reducing permeability and increasing shear strength. At present, grouting material is an important element of the connections between prefabricated components. The research on injection grouts used to improve soil and structure is reviewed in this essay. The content of this research is based on reports from researchers and includes the grouting materials and methods. This analysis reveals that several substances have been studied for use as injection grouts and that conservators can currently choose from a wide range of commercial and custom-mixed grouts.

Effect of Polyurethane on the Structure and solubility of Gypsum Soil

2024-01-25T06:32:33+00:00

Gypsum soil is a problematic soil when its gypsum particles are contact with water. The objective of the research is studying the effect of adding polyurethane on the structure of the gypsum soil. This study is continuing to a previous study which explain the process of the treating gypsum soil that subject to water flow in a flume in an experimental canal. The samples of this study have been taken for testing them which stored for four years since 2018, along this period the samples were stored in a room temperature. In this study, these samples subjected to XRD, XRF, and SEM tests to explain the structure of the soil, before and after the treatment. The gypsum content test is done and the results are 41%. The results of XRD test proved that there was low effect of gypsum in the treated soil which have low gypsum index at 2-Thata value due to presence of polyurethane, while the results of XRF test explained that the concentration of elements in treated soil is greater than untreated soil and the reduction in concentrations of the elements Fe, Ca, K, S, and Zn are 83%, 32%, 54%, 85%, and 95%, respectively. In SEM test, the results showed that the gypsum soil became more cohesive due to the addition of the polymer material specially at the zoom 1.00 and 5.00 Kx.

Monitoring the Growth of Agricultural Crops Phenology using Google Earth Engine in Wasit Governorate / Central Iraq

2023-10-10T06:38:55+00:00

The estimation of a crop’s phenological growth stage is very important in remote monitoring and advisory of crops using satellite imaging. However, it has not been thoroughly researched and recorded in the context of crop identification and crop health, scheduling of irrigation. The study area is located in the Kut Governorate in (Dujaili) district, with an area estimated at (1,583,000) dunums, in which various crops are grown, including (wheat, barley, alfalfa, vegetables of all kinds, and corn of both types (yellow, white). The aim of the study is to monitoring the growth stages of agricultural crops and irrigation of crops using the Google Earth Engine GEE platform, the research comes within the framework of bridging the knowledge deficit by using GEE in monitoring plants, since few studies discussed the use of the platform in detecting vegetation. The study conclude the utilization of the GEE platform and the creation of a code through which crops and irrigation were monitored in the study area with different date that included the stage of tillage, initial germination, peak time of the plant to the weaning irrigation and then harvesting to be effective in explaining the growth of agricultural crops phonologically, and this technique leads to short time and accuracy in results as well as new method produces monthly high-resolution (10m resolution) maps of the cropping areas as the growth stages of the crops, the method is a temporal gradient of Sentinel-1 data and crop Phenology information based on the GEE as a model environment that can support such a context and that the NDVI index is a good indicator to monitor of all vegetation areas, Whereas, the Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (MCAR2) is more sensitive to changes in chlorophyll content, Leaf Area Index (LAI) variation and lessening of the soil effect.

Evaluating the suitability of water in border tributaries of The Diyala’s River Basin for various purposes

2024-02-01T18:55:03+00:00

This research aimed to examine the water quality of some international tributaries within Diyala River Basin that originate from Iran. Diyala River and its tributaries plays a significant role in providing water for manufacturing, irrigation and domestic purposes for large part of Sulaymaniyah and Diyala Province. Recently, this river and its tributaries (Sirwan, Alwand, Qurato, Hawasan and Zmkan) have suffered from increasing pollution, due to decreasing their flows from Iran as a result of constructing many dams and irrigation projects, as well as changing the course of some of them into Iran. Also, wastes from domestic sewage, industries and agricultural activities are discharging directly into Diyala River and its tributaries without treatment, and then causes deterioration of water quality in large scale. Investigating the tributaries of Diyala River is very important to implement a study for understanding the quality of waters that flow into it. Water Quality Index (WQI) was utilized to describe the quality level of water in the observed tributaries. Some chemical characterization: pH, EC, TH, NO3, DO and F- of water samples were analyzed to calculate the value of WQI at each tributary. Based on the overall values of WQI, waters in all the monitored tributaries are not suitable for drinking purpose; while, most of them are acceptable for irrigation purpose. Water quality was found (Unsuitable/Proper treatment required) only in Alwand Tributary.