Journal of Water Resources and Geosciences

Effect of the Distance between Irrigation Tubes in the Subsurface Drip Irrigation System on Rice Crop Production

2024-09-23T18:58:28+00:00

The water scarcity that Iraq has been experiencing for several years has posed a challenge to agricultural production in general and to rice in particular. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya region in 2020 to study the possibility of successful cultivation of the rice crop by the dry farming method using the subsurface drip irrigation system and to evaluate the effect of the distance between the T-tape irrigation tubes on some soil characteristics and the production of the rice crop Oryza sativa L. yassamen cultivar , The distance between the irrigation tubes was studied at three levels (10, 15, 20) cm. And study its effect on soil bulk density, soil electrical conductivity EC, panicle length, and grain yield. The results showed that the distance exceeded 20 cm by achieving the lowest apparent soil density of 1.20 g.cm^-3 and the lowest value of the electrical conductivity of the soil EC amounted to 1.76 decimens.m^-1, while the distance of 10 cm excelled by achieving the highest length of the panicle reached 22.5 cm and the highest grain yield reached 3.29 tons.ha^-1 .A 22% decrease in grain yield was noted, which requires developing drought-tolerant and highly productive rice varieties and improving water management by applying smart irrigation. The irrigation water saving rate reached 76%, which allows for the continuity of production of this strategic crop during seasons of water scarcity and the expansion of its cultivated areas. Or providing water to other consuming sectors.

Assessment of Using Machine and Deep Learning Applications in Surface Water Quantity and Quality Predictions: A Review

2024-02-10T16:19:08+00:00

This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) applications to predict surface water quantity and quality. Analysis of numerous research papers reveals that deep learning models, specifically those designed for handling time series data like Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and those processing image-like data like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), often achieve greater accuracy than traditional ML methods. Hybrid and ensemble machine and deep learning models generally exhibited the best performance for surface water quantity prediction, as demonstrated by models like One Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks (1D-CNN), Water Balance Model-Support Vector Regression (WBM-SVR), Boruta Feature Selection Algorithm- Long-Short Term Memory (BRF-LSTM), Nonlinear Auto Regressive Exogenous Multi-Layer Perceptron- Random Forest (NARX-MLP-RF), Sparrow Search Algorithm - Artificial Neural Networks (SSA-ANN), and Support Vector Regression- Grey Wolf Optimization (SVR-GWO). A variety of models were applied for water quality prediction, with hybrid models combining aspects of different approaches Convolutional-LSTM (Conv-LSTM), and Random Tree- bagging (RT-BA) leveraging multiple algorithms' strengths. Deep learning models including LSTM, and CNN, commonly demonstrated strong predictive skills based on metrics like R2, NSE, and RMSE. In contrast, simpler machine learning models like Support Vector Regression (SVR), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Enhanced Extreme Learning Machine (EELM), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) often showed moderate to low predictive ability. Future research should focus on developing models that can effectively address data limitations, incorporate climate change impacts, and are evaluated using more comprehensive metrics that capture factors beyond accuracy, such as uncertainty quantification and model interpretability.

The Effect of the Geometry of the Head Race Channel of Proposed Makhoul Dam on the Velocities Distribution within the Reservoir of the Dam

2024-02-19T22:11:29+00:00

The Makhoul Dam project is considered one of the important strategic projects that Iraq is studying the possibility of establishing. It is located on the Tigris River about 170 km north of Baghdad Capital Particularly on the northeastern side of Sallah Al-Din City, about 30 km northwest of Baji town. This research aims to investigate the effect of the Geometry of the U/S Head Race Channel of the dam (dam guides) on the distribution of velocities inside Makhoul Dam Reservoir with different operating conditions for the spillway. A mathematical model is prepared by using HHEC--RRASS 2DD program version (5.0.7, 2016) to analyze the velocity distributions inside Makhoul Dam Lake. The two dimensional hydraulic model is calibrated using a wide range of Manning’s coefficient (n) that are ranged from 0.02 to 0.03. The agreement of velocity patterns resulting from using the Mathematical model was evaluated by using a statistical index of agreement, chi-square (x²). A good agreement was obtained when the Manning's coefficient is 0.026. The results showed the effect of the Head Race Channel on the velocities distribution is focused in the region outside the concrete part of the dam body (between the embankment guides) for all operating conditions. As there is no effect of the dam's embankment guides for the head race channel on the distribution of velocities in the area between the concrete part of the dam body. The maximum flow velocity between the embankment guides is 3 m/sec in the case of guides, and 2.5 m/sec in the absence of the dam guides.

Analysis and Comparison of Uplift Pressure and Seepage Rates in the Shatt al-Hilla Regulator for the Years 2017, 2018, and 2022 under the Influence of Climate Change

2024-03-28T08:25:08+00:00

The reduction in rainfall and increase in temperatures have led to a rise in water evaporation from rivers and fields, reducing water supplies from the upstream countries of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This contributed to a reduction in water flowing to the front of the Hindiyah Barrage, affecting the Shatt Al-Hilla regulator, which depends on the barrage's water. This resulted in lowering the up-stream water level of the Hindiyah Barrage from the recommended 31.90 m in the operating manual to 31.40 m. In this study, uplift pressures and seepage rates were compared for the years 2017 and 2018 (at a water level of 31.90 m) and 2022 (at a water level of 31.40 m). Results showed that uplift pressures were unaffected except when the downstream level was reduced below 29 m, which increased uplift pressures under the regulator's foundations. The highest calculated uplift pressures were 6.63, 6.3, and 6.72 ton/m² for the years of 2017, 2018, and 2022, respectively. Piezometers 27 and 28 showed higher values compared with others due to their location below the cutoff wall level. However, the drop in the upstream water level of the Hindiyah Barrage did not affect the structure's stability, as the uplift pressures and seepage rates remained within allowable limits. The Plexis software was used to simulate seepage and calculate the highest seepage rates, which were 2.37×10⁻⁴, 2.18×10⁻⁴, and 3.38×10⁻⁴ m³/s for 2017, 2018, and 2022, respectively, with satisfactory safety factors.

Impact of Uncertainty in Climate Change Data on Hydropower Generation from Dam Reservoirs in Arid Regions: A Review

2024-04-28T15:00:56+00:00

Over the past few years, there has been a significant increase in interest in renewable energy, which is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hydroelectric power production is directly related to the regional hydrological conditions of a watershed and is sensitive to variations in water availability throughout the year. The impacts of climate change on the hydrologic cycle have received much attention in studies that consider complex, interactive issues. This paper focuses on water resources for power production, which can be estimated based on river basin discharge. There is uncertainty about how climate change will affect hydropower development on various scales, including the global, national, and regional levels. Despite being a global phenomenon, climate change has different effects on hydropower generation at various spatial scales. The different degrees of uncertainty are based on regional geography and local hydrological conditions. This explains the requirement for thoroughly examining how climate change will impact hydropower generation locally or globally. Additionally, it aims to offer a range of strategies for reducing the effects of climate change on hydropower production and guaranteeing the sustainability of the global energy system under climate change to assist decision-makers.

Spatiotemporal Trend Analysis of Temperature in Euphrates River Basin

2024-08-02T21:33:04+00:00

Euphrates is the largest river in Iraq. Due to the changing climate and intensifying human activities, the river hydrologic system has changed. In this study, temperature and climate variables were among the leading causes of the changes in the Euphrates River Basin. The nature of the changes is examined using data gathered from 19 weather stations between 1981 and 2021. The four sub-catchments of the River Basin are studied using the sequential Mann-Kendall test analysis to identify temporal trends and abrupt changes. An annual trend test for non-parametric trends at the basin scale reveals an upward trend in the temperature over the previous 40 years. Throughout the entire time, there has been an upward trend in potential evaporation, which has increased since 1981. These factors significantly decrease runoff in addition to being impacted by human activity.

Evaluation of Groundwater in Karbala Governorate/ Central of Iraq

2024-08-05T04:50:30+00:00

Karbala Governorate is located between latitudes (32°10' 00'' - 32°50' 00''), longitudes (43°10' 00'' - 44°20' 00''). The area of the region is (5201) km². The governorate is divided based on geological and hydrogeological specifications into: The first region the desert area, located in the west of Karbala Governorate, bordered to the east by Razzazah Lake and to the west by the borders of Al Anbar Governorate. The main aquifers in this region are Dammam and Umm Er Radhuma aquifers. The depths of the wells that penetrate the Dammam aquifer range from (100 - 120) m, and the depths of the wells in the areas that penetrate the Dammam and Umm Er Radhuma aquifers reach (250) m. The second region is located between the Karbala Plateau to the east and the border of the desert to the west. The northern part of this region is Al Razzazah Lake, and in the south, the Dammam aquifer extends within the borders of Najaf Governorate. The depths of the wells range between (200 - 220) m. The Dammam aquifer is considered the main aquifer in this region and its confined type. The third region is the Karbala Plateau (Dibdiba Basin), where groundwater is found within the Dibdiba Formation. The maximum thickness of this formation is about (70) m. As for the fourth region, it is the sedimentary plain region, which includes the lands located east of Karbala city and Razzaza Lake to the Euphrates River. It consists of sand, silt and clay.

Rainwater and greywater harvesting for water conservation in buildings, "With potential application to university gardens"

2024-08-04T11:05:27+00:00

In recent years, many countries have adopted the principles of sustainability, to preserve the Natural Resources for future generations, most important of which is water, given it challenges in the region, this research delves into the key techniques for rationalizing water consumption. A knowledge gap was identified in the existing literature: the underutilization of rainwater and air conditioning condensate for irrigation purposes. This formed the primary research problem.

This research aimed to propose a system for collecting and reusing rainwater and greywater (air conditioning condensate), thereby reducing conventional water consumption. These two techniques were chosen to cover most seasons of the year. A scientific methodology was employed to calculate the potential water savings from implementing these techniques. The University of Basrah's College of Engineering has been chosen as a model to apply this technology to one of its buildings (Architecture Department). The study calculated the flat surface area of the building's roof and the amount of water that could be conserved if this technology were implemented. It also suggested practical locations for tanks and ways to connect them to the drainage system. Additionally, the study explored the possibility of utilizing water from air conditioning units in the department. Given that Basra City has high humidity levels during the summer, these units discharge a significant amount of water on some days. The research concluded that this technology could be applied to university buildings to conserve water and reduce the damage caused by water waste. It was found that the total amount of rainwater that could have been collected over five years for the College of Engineering at Basra University was 169,267.571 cubic meters, with an average rainfall of 7.34748 mm. Therefore, the research recommends the use of these technologies to preserve alternative water resources and utilize them more effectively.

The effect of the type of solar panels, irrigation systems, and distances between planting lines on the yield of beans (Vicia Faba…L)

2024-08-05T04:09:59+00:00

This research is fulfilled in Al-Raed Research Station, that is situated on the main road of Baghdad-Anbar through conducting an experiment which was conducted during the winter season of 2022-2023 so as to determining the influence of the kind of solar panels, watering systems (irrigation), and distances between planting lines on the yield of beans (Vicia Faba… L). Three replications of a randomised complete block design (RCBD) were employed. There are three components to the experiment. The solar panel type—mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline—was the first factor. The drip and sprinkler irrigation system, which has two levels, was the second component. The distances (40, 60, and 80 cm) between the sub-lines with three levels constituted the third factor. The subsequent metrices were examined: solar panel efficiency (%), Amount of irrigation water used (m³. season-1), Consistency coefficient (homogeneity) (%), Germination percentage (%), The outcomes indicate that monocrystalline solar panels fulfilled the best of these signs: efficiency of solar panel, consistency coefficient (homogeneity), and germination rate with the least amount of irrigation water used during the season (24.74%) (93.42%) (90.40%) (3.927 m³. season-1), respectively. Additionally, the drip watering technique produced the best results for solar panel efficiency, consistency coefficient, and germination percentage, with the lowest amount of water for irrigation (22.23%) (92.93%) (95.90%) (3.00 m³. season-1), to arrange. Furthermore, the distance (40 cm) achieved the ultimate values of coefficient of uniformity and the germination percentage with the least amount of irrigation water used during the season (92.05%) (95.10%) (3.05 m³. season-1), respectively. Further research should explore the long-term impacts of integrating mono-crystalline solar panels with drip irrigation across various crops and environmental conditions.